Environmental hazard assessment of foliar fungicides used in wheat and barley in Uruguay
Resumen
Winter cereal production in the Southern Cone faces increasing challenges due to the intensive use of foliar fungicides for disease control in wheat and barley crops. This theoretical study evaluated the potential environmental fate and toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic organisms for widely used fungicides in Uruguay. Risk characterization was based on the physicochemical properties and literature-based findings from various monitoring and risk assessment studies. Moreover, farm-risk level analysis was assayed for representative winter cereal production using the Toxic Units (TUs) for each fungicide. The results indicated that soil and water are the main environmental compartments affected. In soil, 21% of the compounds exhibit high persistence and 11% have the potential to leach into groundwater or persist in surface waters. Some azole fungicides combine high persistence, mobility, and bioaccumulation potential, thus considered key targets for environmental monitoring and risk assessment. The results showed that terrestrial organisms presented different toxicity depending on the species, being the most affected earthworms and mammals. Benzovindiflupyr appears to be the most toxic for the studied organisms. Farm-level analysis enabled the characterization and comparison of environmental risks in different productive areas, and the identification of products with elevated TUs, providing a basis for adjusting usage strategies to reduce environmental risks. Studies on pesticide prioritization highlight the necessity for more refined risk assessments and national regulatory frameworks. This approach could be extended to other farms, crops and pesticides, promoting agricultural practices that minimize environmental impact and conserve biodiversity.
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