Ordeño robótico en la Argentina: perspectiva en sistemas de base pastoril
Resumen
Hace tres décadas se realizó por primera vez el ordeño de vacas lecheras mediante robots en un tambo comercial de Países Bajos. Esta tecnología se difundió en distintos países, principalmente en tambos confinados (sin pastoreo directo), y, más recientemente, en tambos de base pastoril. En la Argentina, el primer robot ordeñador data de 2015 y actualmente su adopción es creciente. Una de las dificultades en tambos de base pastoril es optimizar el tráfico de vacas hacia el robot. Los objetivos de este artículo fueron describir los robots ordeñadores y su funcionamiento, analizar aspectos relevantes para los sistemas de base pastoril (relativos principalmente al comportamiento y circulación de las vacas) y señalar los requisitos para la adopción exitosa de robots en la Argentina. Uno de los aspectos analizados es el manejo de los sectores de alimentación ya que impactan positivamente en el desempeño productivo y el tráfico de vacas. El comportamiento social y las interacciones entre animales parecieran adquirir importancia creciente en estos sistemas. El manejo de las relaciones entre individuos dominantes y subordinados resultaría clave para mejorar el tráfico voluntario y la eficiencia en el uso del robot. Los requisitos para la adopción exitosa de los robots radican en la asimilación de conceptos asociados a la respuesta individual de una vaca y al efecto del comportamiento sobre el movimiento de las vacas entre las áreas de alimentación y el robot. Asimismo, la capacitación de los operarios es necesaria para que la adopción de los robots en sistemas de base pastoril sea exitosa.
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