EPIDEMIAS DE ROYA AMARILLA DEL TRIGO. NUEVAS RAZAS EN EL MUNDO, MONITOREO Y DECISIÓN DE USO DE FUNGICIDAS

Marcelo Carmona, Francisco Sautua

Resumen


La roya amarilla, también llamada estriada o lineal, es una enfermedad de los cultivos de cereales (trigo y cebada) y gramíneas, causada en trigo por Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), que es conocida desde hace varios cientos de años. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es analizar los aspectos genéticos y epidemiológicos más importantes de la roya amarilla del trigo, con especial énfasis en el monitoreo y en las decisiones de manejo químico. La roya amarilla, es una enfermedad policíclica, cuyo desarrollo epidémico depende principalmente de la tasa de desarrollo de la enfermedad. Las epidemias de la roya amarilla se ven afectadas por diversos factores agronómicos y ambientales, especialmente la susceptibilidad del hospedante y factores climáticos como la humedad y la temperatura. La rápida evolución del patógeno crea varias razas o patotipos que están más especializados para infectar diferentes cultivares, que portan diferentes genes de resistencia raza-específicos. La resistencia a la roya amarilla puede separarse en resistencia a todas las etapas de desarrollo (también llamada de plántula) y resistencia en planta adulta. La primera se puede detectar en la etapa de plántula y es efectiva en todas las etapas de crecimiento del cultivo. La segunda implica susceptibilidad en la etapa de plántula, pero éstas se vuelven cada vez más
resistentes cuando las plantas crecen y envejecen. Durante los últimos años en Europa, muchos genes de resistencia se volvieron ineficaces durante la reciente incursión devastadora de nuevas razas de Pst, originarias de la región del Himalaya, probablemente dispersadas por el viento a larga distancia. Este nuevo grupo racial se identificó por primera vez en la variedad de trigo ‘Warrior’ en 2011, y reemplazó por completo a la población de Pst existente antes de la invasión. En Argentina, durante las últimas dos temporadas agrícolas hubo epidemias de roya amarilla en regiones con temperaturas medias más altas donde nunca antes se habían registrado. En 2017, mediante una prospección de la epidemia en Pradera Pampeana, coordinada por la Catedra de Fitopatología de la FAUBA, el Global Rust Reference Center ha determinado nuevas razas de Pst. El manejo integrado de esta enfermedad se basa principalmente en desarrollar y cultivar variedades con resistencia adecuada y duradera y, en segundo lugar, realizar aplicaciones eficientes de fungicida, en el momento adecuado, solo cuando sea necesario. Actualmente, los estudios de investigación con enfoques a nivel celular y molecular se están utilizando para desarrollar
variedades de trigo resistentes.

Palabras clave


P. striiformis f. sp. tritici; epidemias; resistencia genética; umbral de daño económico

Texto completo:

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Referencias


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